1. Biodiversity and Classification

This chapter explains the variety of living organisms found on Earth and their classification into different domains and kingdoms. Students learn about taxonomic categories, binomial nomenclature, and how classification helps in the study of biology. Real-life examples of species diversity are also discussed.

2. Bacteria and Viruses

Covers the structural features, reproduction methods, and nutritional modes of bacteria, along with their roles in medicine, agriculture, and industry. The chapter also explains viruses, their structure, replication cycles, and how they cause diseases in plants, animals, and humans.

3. Cells and Subcellular Organelles

Introduces the cell as the basic unit of life. It covers prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell differences, the structure and function of organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum. Techniques for studying cells using light and electron microscopes are also explained.

4. Biomolecules

Describes the chemical compounds that make up living organisms—carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Students learn about their molecular structures, biological functions, and importance in metabolism and heredity.

5. Enzymes

Explains what enzymes are, how they work as biological catalysts, and the factors (temperature, pH, inhibitors) that affect their activity. The chapter also highlights enzyme applications in industries like food, medicine, and biotechnology.

6. Bioenergetics

Focuses on the processes through which organisms obtain and use energy, such as photosynthesis and cellular respiration. The role of ATP as the energy currency of the cell is emphasized, along with the importance of chloroplasts and mitochondria.

7. Structural and Computational Biology

Introduces modern biological techniques for studying the structure of biomolecules and cells. It also covers computational biology and bioinformatics, which use computer-based tools to analyze biological data like DNA sequences and protein structures.

8. Plant Physiology

Explains how plants carry out essential functions, including photosynthesis, respiration, water and nutrient transport, transpiration, and hormonal regulation. This chapter also covers plant responses to environmental changes.

9. Human Digestive System

Describes the organs and glands involved in digestion, the breakdown of food into nutrients, and the absorption process in the small intestine. Common digestive disorders and their prevention are also included.

10. Human Respiratory System

Explains the structure and function of the respiratory system, the process of inhalation and exhalation, and how oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs. The chapter also highlights respiratory diseases and their control.

11. Human Circulatory System

Covers the composition of blood, the structure and working of the heart, and different types of circulation (systemic, pulmonary, coronary). Students learn about blood pressure regulation and cardiovascular health.

12. Human Skeletal System

Details the structure and functions of the skeletal system, types of bones and joints, and how muscles work with bones to produce movement. Bone health, fractures, and related disorders are also discussed.